Update boot drive initramfs on failed boot after hardware change

Boot from a LiveUSB/DVD

Open a Terminal

Perform the following commands:

$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
$ sudo mount --bind /dev /mnt/dev
$ sudo mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc
$ sudo mount --bind /sys /mnt/sys
$ sudo chroot /mnt
$ update-initramfs -u
$ update-grub
$ reboot